Is the energy balance in a tropical lowland rice paddy perfectly closed?

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Dibyendu Chatterjee
Chinmaya Kumar Swain
Sumanta Chatterjee
Pratap Bhattacharyya
Rahul Tripathi
Banwari Lal
Priyanka Gautam
Mohammad Shahid
Pradeep Kumar Dash
Biswaranjan Dhal
Amaresh Kumar Nayak

Abstract

A two-year (2015 and 2016) field experiment was carried out to study the surface energy budget and energy balance closure (EBC) in a tropical lowland rice paddy in Cuttack, India. Maintenance of a standing water layer in lowland irrigated rice ecosystem makes it unique and this strongly influences the surface energy balance which may alter the surface runoff, ground water storage, water cycle, surface energy budget, and possibly microclimate of the region. To study this, an experiment was conducted using eddy covariance system to measure the surface energy balance components during two cropping seasons (dry season, DS and wet season, WS) and two consecutive fallow periods (dry fallow, DF and wet fallow, WF). The rice was grown in puddled wet lands in DS and WS and the ground was left fallow (DF and WF) during the rest of the year. Results displayed that daily average latent heat flux at surface (LE) and at canopy height (LEc) dominated over sensible heat flux at surface (H) and canopy height (Hc), respectively due to the presence of water source coming from the standing water in the rice field. The EBC was evaluated by ordinary least square (OLS), energy balance ratio (EBR) and residual heat flux (RHF). In OLS, the slope ranged 0.38-0.89 (2015) and 0.28-0.99 (2016) during the study period. Average RHF was 10.3-12.0% higher in WS as compared to DS. It was concluded that the EBC estimated using RHF is the most suitable way to calculate closure for lowland rice paddy since it can distinguish different seasons distinctively, followed by OLS. Much variation was not observed in EBR after inclusion of storage terms (water, soil, photosynthesis, canopy) to the classical EBR.

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Article Details

Author Biographies

Dibyendu Chatterjee, ICAR National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack

Crop Production Division and Scientist (Soil Science)

Chinmaya Kumar Swain, ICAR National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack

Crop Production Division and Research Associate

Sumanta Chatterjee, ICAR National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack

Crop Production Division and Scientist (Ag Meteorology)

Pratap Bhattacharyya, ICAR National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack

Crop Production Division and Principal Scientist (Soil Science)

Rahul Tripathi, ICAR National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack

Crop Production Division and Senior Scientist (Soil Physics)

Banwari Lal, ICAR National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Rajasthan, India (present address)

Scientist (Agronomy)

Priyanka Gautam, ICAR National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India (present address)

Scientist (Agronomy)

Mohammad Shahid, ICAR National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack

Crop Production Division and Senior Scientist (Soil Science)

Pradeep Kumar Dash, ICAR National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack

Crop Production Division and Senior Research Fellow

Biswaranjan Dhal, ICAR National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack

Crop Production Division and Research Associate

Amaresh Kumar Nayak, ICAR National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack

Head, Crop Production Division

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