Effect of hydraulic retention time on sulfide production with sludge from hydrothermal vent sediments and its utilization on the removal of Cu, Zn, and Al

Resumen

The present work aimed to evaluate the production of sulfide through the application of different hydraulic retention times (HRT) and different sulfate loading rates in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor utilizing acetate-butyrate as electron donors and the coupling of the reactor to a crystallizer to remove metals. The sulfidogenic sludge for the UASB was generated from hydrothermal vent sediments and this was operated at room temperature (18-22 ºC). The sulfate reduction process was linked to the precipitation of Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Al³⁺ in a crystallizer coupled to the UASB reactor (two-stage system) to avoid the toxicity of the metals to the sludge. The concentration of dissolved sulfide increased with the HRT up to 312.9 mg HS^–/L at 3 d of HRT. As the sulfate loading rate was increasing, the maximum sulfide concentration obtained was of 376.8 mg HS^–/L at 500 mg SO₄^–2/L/d (1500 mg/L), whereas the concentration of Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Al³⁺ was up to 150, 100, and 100 mg/L, respectively. The removal efficiencies of Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Al³⁺ were higher than 98% when they were fed separately. When a mixture of metals was added, the removal efficiency was close to 80%. Recovery of metals was lower than 57% in all cases. The sulfide production was supported with acetate-butyrate, being the former commonly accumulated because of the oxidation of higher organic compounds; in this case, its utilization sustained sulfate reduction. This process could be controlled by parameters such as HRT and sulfate loading rate to improve the performance of the bioreactor in the treatment of the effluents contaminated with metals in a two-stage system.